Artificial intelligence - Field of study
Artificial intelligence - Field of study
PROS of AI
artificial intelligence (AI), is the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience. Since the development of the digital computer in the 1940s, it has been demonstrated that computers can be programmed to carry out very complex tasks—as, for example, discovering proofs for mathematical theorems or playing chess—with great proficiency. Still, despite continuing advances in computer processing speed and memory capacity, there are as yet no programs that can match human flexibility over wider domains or in tasks requiring much everyday knowledge. On the other hand, some programs have attained the performance levels of human experts and professionals in performing certain specific tasks, so artificial intelligence in this limited sense is found in applications as diverse as medical diagnosis, computer search engines, and voice or handwriting recognition.
What is AI?
AI is a branch of computer science that ventures to replicate human intelligence in a machine so that machines can mimic human behavior. AI develops computers to perform tasks that generally require human intelligence, such as speech recognition, visual perception, text-to-speech, etc.
AI techniques have transformed the abilities of businesses worldwide, by enabling humans to automate the previously tedious and time-consuming tasks and achieve untapped insights into the data through quick pattern recognition.
AI systems are powered by algorithms, that use techniques that include machine learning, deep learning, and other related rules. Machine Learning algorithms are meant to provide data to AI systems, by making use of statistical techniques thereby enabling AI systems to learn. Machine learning makes AI systems get steadily better at tasks, without the need of specifically programming it.
Let us now look at the types of AI.
Types of AI
AI techniques are categorized according to their capacity to mimic human characteristics, the techniques they use to achieve this, the theory of mind, and their real-world applications.
Making reference to these characteristics, all artificial intelligence whether real or hypothetical, come under the three types mentioned below:
• Artificial Narrow Intelligence or ANI, that has a narrow range of abilities;
• Artificial General Intelligence or AGI, that has capabilities as in humans;
• Artificial SuperIntelligence or ASI, that has capability more than that of humans.
Artificial Narrow Intelligence
Artificial Narrow Intelligence or ANI is also referred to as Narrow AI or weak AI. it is the only type of AI that is achieved to date. Weak AI or Narrow AI is specifically goal-oriented, which is used to designed to perform singular tasks such as face recognition, driving a car, speech recognition/voice assistants, or browsing the Internet. It is very quick and accurate at completing the specified task for which it is programmed to do.
It is referred to as weak AI because though the machines look intelligent but they function under a narrow set of constraints and limitations. Narrow AI cannot replicate human intelligence, it just simulates human behavior which is based on a narrow range of contexts and parameters or factors.
Narrow AI makes use of NLP to perform tasks, which means that it understands text and speech in natural language and is programmed to communicate with humans in a personalized manner.
The examples of narrow AI include Rankbrain by Google, manufacturing and drone robots, IBM’s Watson, Siri by Apple, Alexa by Amazon, Cortana by Microsoft, and other virtual assistants. It also includes disease mapping and prediction tools, image/facial recognition software, recommendations that are based on listen/watch/purchase history, etc.
Artificial General Intelligence
Also referred to as Strong AI/Deep AI, AGI is a concept of a machine that possesses general intelligence that can mimic human behavior or intelligence and is capable of learning and applying this knowledge to solve any problem. AGI is capable of thinking, understanding, and acting in a way that is identical to humans in any given scenario.
AGI is not yet achieved by AI researchers and scientists. To achieve AGI, they need to program all the cognitive abilities into the machine. Machines are required to take up experiential learning to the higher levels and apart from improving efficiency in singular tasks, they also need to be capable of applying knowledge to a wider area of solving problems.
Strong AI makes use of the theory of mind AI framework. It is the ability to anticipate the needs, beliefs, emotions, thought processes of other intelligent entities. It focuses not on simulation or replication, but on truly understanding humans.
The example of strong AI includes Fujitsu-built K, a supercomputer, which is one of the most remarkable attempts towards achieving strong AI, but considering some disappointing factors, it is not easy to say that strong AI can be achieved in near future.
Artificial Super Intelligence
Apart from understanding human behavior, AI where machines surpass the capability of human intelligence and become self-aware is the area that is called Artificial SuperIntelligence.
The concept of ASI includes evoking emotions, requirements, beliefs, and impulses of its own. Besides replicating human intelligence, it is anticipated that ASI would theoretically be far better than humans in areas like math, sports, science, medicine, art, hobbies, emotional relationships, or simply everything. If such superintelligent machines came into existence, they will impact humanity, our survival, or our lifestyle.
Conclusion
If you go through the lines, you come to know how far is AI going to go, and there are no limits to it. It has already started impacting our lives without even making us aware of it. If you are tech-savvy and love sci-fi movies, then AI is obviously your cup of tea.
2. How does AI work?
AI systems work by combining large sets of data with intelligent, iterative processing algorithms to learn from patterns and features in the data that they analyze.
Each time an AI system runs a round of data processing, it tests and measures its own performance and develops additional expertise.
Because AI never needs a break, it can run through hundreds, thousands, or even millions of tasks extremely quickly, learning a great deal in very little time, and becoming extremely capable at whatever it’s being trained to accomplish.
But the trick to understanding how AI truly works is understanding the idea that AI isn’t just a single computer program or application, but an entire discipline, or a science.
The goal of AI science is to build a computer system that is capable of modeling human behavior so that it can use human-like thinking processes to solve complex problems.
To accomplish this objective, AI systems utilize a whole series of techniques and processes, as well as a vast array of different technologies.
By looking at these techniques and technologies, we can begin to really understand what AI actually does, and thus, how it works, so let’s take a look at those next.
3. What is the future of artificial intelligence?
In a nondescript building close to downtown Chicago, Marc Gyongyosi and the small but growing crew of IFM/Onetrack.AI have one rule that rules them all: think simple. The words are written in the simple font on a simple sheet of paper that’s stuck to a rear upstairs wall of their industrial two-story workspace. What they’re doing here with artificial intelligence, however, isn’t simple at all.
Sitting at his cluttered desk, located near an oft-used ping-pong table and prototypes of drones from his college days suspended overhead, Gyongyosi punches some keys on a laptop to pull up grainy video footage of a forklift driver operating his vehicle in a warehouse. It was captured from overhead courtesy of an Onetrack.AI “forklift vision system.”
Artificial intelligence is impacting the future of virtually every industry and every human being. Artificial intelligence has acted as the main driver of emerging technologies like big data, robotics, and IoT, and it will continue to act as a technological innovator for the foreseeable future.
Employing machine learning and computer vision for detection and classification of various “safety events,” the shoebox-sized device doesn’t see all, but it sees plenty. Like which way the driver is looking as he operates the vehicle, how fast he’s driving, where he’s driving, locations of the people around him, and how other forklift operators are maneuvering their vehicles. IFM’s software automatically detects safety violations (for example, cell phone use) and notifies warehouse managers so they can take immediate action. The main goals are to prevent accidents and increase efficiency. The mere knowledge that one of IFM’s devices is watching, Gyongyosi claims, has had “a huge effect.”
“If you think about a camera, it really is the richest sensor available to us today at a very interesting price point,” he says. “Because of smartphones, camera and image sensors have become incredibly inexpensive, yet we capture a lot of information. From an image, we might be able to infer 25 signals today, but six months from now we’ll be able to infer 100 or 150 signals from that same image. The only difference is the software that’s looking at the image. And that’s why this is so compelling because we can offer a very important core feature set today, but then over time, all our systems are learning from each other. Every customer can benefit from every other customer that we bring on board because our systems start to see and learn more processes and detect more things that are important and relevant.”
AI is projected to have a lasting impact on just about every industry imaginable. We’re already seeing artificial intelligence in our smart devices, cars, healthcare system, and favorite apps, and we’ll continue to see its influence permeate deeper into many other industries for the foreseeable future.
Based on the recent technological advancements in AI, here’s how artificial intelligence will change the future –
1. Artificial Intelligence Future in Healthcare
Nearly 86% of the mistakes can be prevented in the healthcare industry and AI will play a vital role in this. The future of AI in healthcare is a step towards democratizing healthcare for the benefit of patients and healthcare professionals alike, while at the same time making it less costly and more accurate through AI-powered predictive care. Predictive analytics coupled with artificial intelligence can help understand various factors (place of birth, eating habits, local air pollution levels, etc) that influence a person’s health. In the future, we can expect AI-powered healthcare systems to anticipate when a person is most likely to develop a chronic disease and suggest preventative medication to cure it before it worsens.
With several types of research underway on developing AI-powered applications to help doctors diagnose and treat patients, AI will definitely be a game-changer in imparting better medical care to patients. You can expect a totally different future for healthcare as robots interact with patients, check on their health conditions, and evaluate the further need for an appointment with a doctor. We will still need doctors, nurses, scientists, and the list goes on. However, AI will simplify our lives by making the clinical and healthcare data we generate more actionable.
Artificial Intelligence Future in Retail
- The global market for Artificial Intelligence in Retail is expected to grow by over $5 million by 2022.
- According to a study by Capgemini on the impact of AI in Retail, if retailers deploy AI across their business operations, it can save them over $340 billion by 2022.
- Accenture reports that AI investments in retail will boost revenues by 38% by the end of 2002.
These statistics are clear proof of evidence that AI promises a great future for retailers with diverse usage possibilities for better business decision-making. In the future, you can expect delivery of up to 5-pound packages in less than 30 minutes, all thanks to AI-powered drones. Amazon is already working on it to determine the proper safety and reliability of operations for delivering packages but there is no tentative date yet on the commercial use of these drones. However, in the next decade, you can anticipate the autonomous delivery of goods and food immediately with drones.
Not just autonomous delivery but the future of AI in Retail is more autonomous and individualized with realistic scenarios that include virtual racks customized according to data-defined persona, connected dressing rooms with screens, and a lot more personalization based on previous history and trends making consumer choices less stressful and chaotic.
2. Artificial Intelligence Future in Banking
According to IHS Markit’s AI in Banking report, the global business value of AI in Banking is anticipated to reach $300 billion by the end of 2030. Artificial Intelligence is all set to take center stage in the next decade in verticals like business intelligence and security with reduced cost, increased productivity, and enhanced customer experiences. Robo Advisors in wealth management will become a common sight and game-changers in the banking space-saving significant amounts of time for wealth managers and customers. The banks of the future will not just personalize their services and products but will use AI to personalize customer experiences. A great example of such personalization would be removing the need to produce an ID card when you walk into the bank branch and still continue to be greeted with your name and complete knowledge of your entire bank account history.
3. AI to Open Up Millions of New Job Opportunities
“Artificial Intelligence will take our jobs!” is the most common fear surrounding artificial intelligence in the future. With artificial intelligence automating all kinds of work, we can think of a more comfortable future for ourselves that will create new jobs and not displace them. According to a report on the Future of Jobs by the World Economic Forum, AI will create 58 million new artificial intelligence jobs by 2022. There is an excellent chance that by 2030 AI will outperform humans in most of the mental tasks but that does not mean it will take away jobs.
In fact, the Indian AI industry has doubled in size in 2019 compared to the previous year. In just one year, 3 times more companies are working on AI-based projects and this momentum is likely to continue. India almost doubled its artificial intelligence engineers in 2019 (from 40K in 2018 to 72K in 2019) but still faces a talent shortage. The growth in the Indian AI industry is powered by professionals transitioning into artificial intelligence engineer job roles by upskilling themselves through various mentored artificial intelligence courses.
Artificial Intelligence Future is coming – coming soon! Now is the time to prepare for the age of AI by investing in education and training. The choice remains with you – will you upgrade your skills to stay ahead of the curve or will you remain still and stagnant in the industry. Aren’t you eager to be a part of this fourth industrial revolution? Reach out to our career coaches to find out how Springboard’s Artificial Intelligence Course can help you upskill and land a top AI gig at one of the top tech companies.
4. What are the advantages of artificial intelligence?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is pushing the boundaries of machine-enabled functionalities. This bleeding-edge technology facilitates machines to act with a degree of autonomy, resulting in the effective execution of iterative tasks.
AI facilitates the creation of a next-generation workplace that thrives on seamless collaboration between enterprise systems and individuals. Therefore, human resources are not made obsolete, but rather, their efforts are bolstered by emerging tech. In fact, AI provides organizations with the luxury of freeing up resources for higher-level tasks.
The following are the primary advantages of AI:
- AI drives down the time taken to perform a task. It enables multi-tasking and eases the workload for existing resources.
- AI enables the execution of hitherto complex tasks without significant cost outlays.
- AI operates 24x7 without interruption or breaks and has no downtime
- AI augments the capabilities of differently-abled individuals
- AI has mass-market potential, it can be deployed across industries.
- AI facilitates decision-making by making the process faster and smarter.
HCL’s DRYiCETM COPA platform implements smart AI-powered elements across the front, middle, and back-office processes. This leads to end–to–end automation and orchestration of IT/business operations, creating a “Unified Office”. Additionally, DRYiCETM TAO, an assessment and strategy consulting service, articulates a detailed and descriptive roadmap to an AI-powered future.
CONS of AI
5. Is AI an existential threat to humanity?
Any recommendations you get from your favorite shopping or streaming websites will also be based on an AI algorithm. These algorithms use your browser history to find things you might be interested in.
Because targeted recommendations are not particularly exciting, science fiction prefers to depict AI as super-intelligent robots that overthrow humanity. Some people believe this scenario could one day become reality. Notable figures, including the late Stephen Hawking, have expressed fear about how future AI could threaten humanity.
To address this concern we asked 11 experts in AI and Computer Science "Is AI an existential threat to humanity?" There was an 82 percent consensus that it is not an existential threat. Here is what we found out.
How close are we to making AI that is more intelligent than us?
The AI that currently exists is called 'narrow' or 'weak' AI. It is widely used for many applications like facial recognition, self-driving cars, and internet recommendations. It is defined as 'narrow' because these systems can only learn and perform very specific tasks.
They often actually perform these tasks better than humans – famously, Deep Blue was the first AI to beat a world chess champion in 1997 – however, they cannot apply their learning to anything other than a very specific task (Deep Blue can only play chess).
Another type of AI is called Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). This is defined as AI that mimics human intelligence, including the ability to think and apply intelligence to multiple different problems. Some people believe that AGI is inevitable and will happen imminently in the next few years.
Matthew O'Brien, a robotics engineer from the Georgia Institute of Technology disagrees, "the long-sought goal of a 'general AI' is not on the horizon. We simply do not know how to make a general adaptable intelligence, and it's unclear how much more progress is needed to get to that point".
How could a future AGI threaten humanity?
Whilst it is not clear when or if AGI will come about, can we predict what threat they might pose to us, humans? AGI learns from experience and data as opposed to being explicitly told what to do. This means that, when faced with a new situation it has not seen before, we may not be able to completely predict how it reacts.
Dr. Roman Yampolskiy, a computer scientist from Louisville University also believes that "no version of human control over AI is achievable" as it is not possible for the AI to both be autonomous and controlled by humans. Not being able to control super-intelligent systems could be disastrous.
Yingxu Wang, professor of Software and Brain Sciences from Calgary University disagrees, saying that "professionally designed AI systems and products are well constrained by a fundamental layer of operating systems for safeguard users' interest and wellbeing, which may not be accessed or modified by the intelligent machines themselves."
Dr. O'Brien adds "just like with other engineered systems, anything with potentially dangerous consequences would be thoroughly tested and have multiple redundant safety checks."
Could the AI we use today become a threat?
Many of the experts agreed that AI could be a threat in the wrong hands. Dr. George Montanez, AI expert from Harvey Mudd College highlights that "robots and AI systems do not need to be sentient to be dangerous; they just have to be effective tools in the hands of humans who desire to hurt others. That is a threat that exists today."
Even without malicious intent, today's AI can be threatening. For example, racial biases have been discovered in algorithms that allocate health care to patients in the US. Similar biases have been found in facial recognition software used for law enforcement. These biases have wide-ranging negative impacts despite the 'narrow' ability of AI.
AI bias comes from the data it is trained on. In the cases of racial bias, the training data was not representative of the general population. Another example happened in 2016 when an AI-based chatbox was found sending highly offensive and racist content. This was found to be because people were sending the bot offensive messages, which it learned from.
The takeaway:
The AI that we use today is exceptionally useful for many different tasks.
That doesn't mean it is always positive – it is a tool that, if used maliciously or incorrectly, can have negative consequences. Despite this, it currently seems to be unlikely to become an existential threat to humanity.
6. Will AI take over humans one day?
In yet another warning against artificial intelligence, Elon Musk said that AI is likely to overtake humans in the next five years. He said that artificial intelligence will be vastly smarter than humans and would overtake the human race by 2025.
“But that doesn’t mean that everything goes to hell in five years. It just means that things get unstable or weird,” Musk said in an interview with the New York Times. He also said that things will be weird when computers are way smarter than humans.
He expressed that his top concern is Google’s DeepMind. “Just the nature of the AI that they’re building crushes all humans at all games,” he said in the interview.
He has been a strong advocate of AI wiping out humanity and has time and again said that it will destroy humanity as a matter of course without even thinking about it.
Speaking at the South by Southwest (SXSW) tech conference 2018 in Austin, Texas, he had said that AI is far more dangerous than nukes, and the fact that there is no regulatory body overseeing its development is insane.
He had earlier even called AI an evil dictator and that while humans will die but for an AI, there would be no death. It will live forever. “And then you’d have an immortal dictator from which we can never escape,” he had said.
Musk has also been in news lately not only for having sent astronauts to space but his keen interest in merging AI and humans with Neuralink. He is also working to create fully autonomous self-driving cars by this year-end.
According to a recent World Economic Forum report, robots, automation, and artificial intelligence could replace 85 million jobs globally by 2025. However, it will also create 97 million new jobs in the future.
Looking at the negative aspects of AI, then, there have been many cases of data breaches in the past, such as when Zoom reportedly sent their data to China and their users’ video calls were leaked online. And let’s not forget the famous Facebook/Cambridge Analytica data scandal.
After carefully analyzing all the facts and figures, it is still unclear how we will ensure data security in the future. But what is clear is that while artificial intelligence will supplant many jobs, it will also create many others, and some jobs will be done by both robots and humans co-dependently.
Of course, it’s not just machines and creatives working together either. In another example, Amazon has employed more than 100,000 robots in its warehouses to efficiently move things around while it has increased its warehouse workforce by more than 80,000. Humans, in Amazon’s case, do the picking and packing of goods (in has more than 480,000,000 items on its “shelves”!) while robots move orders around the giant warehouses, essentially cutting “down on the walking required of workers, making Amazon pickers more efficient and less tired.” Plus, the robots “allow Amazon to pack shelves together like cars in rush-hour traffic because they no longer need aisle space for humans. The greater density of shelf space means more inventory under one roof, which means better selection for customers.”
The above two examples describe a closed working environment, wherein machines are kept well away from the public eye (and foot). Yet, human-machine partnerships won’t stop there. Recently, Evidence, a French company partnered with Deutsche Post to design and produce PostBot, an “electric-powered robot [that] can carry up to 330 pounds of letters and packages through the city, using artificial intelligence to follow the legs of its mail carrier through the entire delivery route, navigating obstacles in any weather condition.” While it’s still in the public testing phase, like the Amazon warehouse robots, PostBot is designed to take the strain off of human postal workers, who often have to walk miles through (increasingly) dense urban settings, carrying lots and lots of heavy mail and packages, etc. In the future delivering mail might seem like a stroll in the park whilst PostBot does the heavy lifting (and moving) of literally hundreds of pounds of our…Amazon packages.
What’s most interesting about all three of these cases is that the machines make the processes they’re helping to automate more efficient, which in turn makes it easier, faster, and less expensive to create, deliver, and capture value for the companies that employ the machines. As Dave Clark, the top executive in charge of operations at Amazon, told the New York Times during a recent interview, “It’s a myth that automation destroys net job growth.” The increase in overall productivity has, in some cases, creating more consumer demand, which has created more jobs.
So, will machines replace humans for many jobs? The answer is unequivocal, yes. However, I assert that with every job taken over by machines, there will be an equal number of opportunities for jobs to be done by people. Some of these human jobs will be of the creative type. Others will require humans to hone their superhuman reasoning skills. In many cases humans and machines will find themselves in symbiotic relationships, helping each other do what they do best. People and machines can and will work together in the future…and they’re already doing so today.
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